## Moment of Inertia of a Channel (U)

This tool calculates the moment of inertia I (second moment of area) of a channel section. The flanges are assumed equal. Enter the shape dimensions 'h', 'b', 'tf ' and 'tw ' below. The calculated results will have the same units as your input. Please use consistent units for any input.

 h = b = tf = tw = Results:

## Definitions

The moment of inertia of a channel section can be found if the total area is divided into three, smaller ones, A, B, C, as shown in figure below. The final area, may be considered as the additive combination of A+B+C. However, since the flanges are equal, a more straightforward combination can be (A+B+C+V)-V. Therefore, the moment of inertia Ix of the channel section, relative to centroidal x-x axis, is determined like this:

$I_x = \frac{b h^3}{12} - \frac{(b-t_w) (h-2t_{f})^3}{12}$

where h the channel height, b the width of the flanges, tf the thickness of the flanges and tw the thickness of the web.

The moment of inertia Iy0 of the double tee section, relative to non-centroidal y0-y0 axis, is readily available:

$I_{y0} = \frac{(h-2t_f) t_w^3}{3} + 2\frac{t_f b^3}{3}$

Knowing Iy0 , the moment of inertia Iy relative to centroidal y-y axis, can be determined using the Parallel Axes Theorem (see below). For this purpose, the distance between parallel axes y and y0 is needed. Essentially, this is the coordinate of the centroid along x0 axis, from its origin. It can be found using the first moments of area, of the three sub-areas A,B,C, relative to y0:

$x_c = \frac{1}{A}\left( \frac{(h-2t_f)t_w^2}{2} + t_f b^2 \right)$

where A is the area of the shape, equal to $$2b t_f + (h-2t_f)t_w$$.

### Parallel Axes Theorem

The moment of inertia of any shape, in respect to an arbitrary, non centroidal axis, can be found if its moment of inertia in respect to a centroidal axis, parallel to the first one, is known. The so-calledParallel Axes Theorem is given by the following equation:

$I' = I + A d^2$

where I' is the moment of inertia in respect to an arbitrary axis, I the moment of inertia in respect to a centroidal axis, parallel to the first one, d the distance between the two parallel axes and A the area of the shape, equal to $$2b t_f + (h-2t_f)t_w$$, in the case of a channel with equal flanges.

For the product of inertia Ixy, the parallel axes theorem takes a similar form:

$I_{xy'} = I_{xy} + A d_{x}d_{y}$

where Ixy is the product of inertia, relative to centroidal axes x,y (=0 for the channel, due to symmetry), and Ixy' is the product of inertia, relative to axes that are parallel to centroidal x,y ones, having offsets from them $$d_{x}$$ and $$d_{y}$$ respectively.

### Rotated axes

For the transformation of the moments of inertia from one system of axes x,y to another one u,v, rotated by an angle φ, the following equations are used:

$\begin{split} I_u & = \frac{I_x+I_y}{2} + \frac{I_x-I_y}{2} \cos{2\varphi} -I_{xy} \sin{2\varphi} \\ I_v & = \frac{I_x+I_y}{2} - \frac{I_x-I_y}{2} \cos{2\varphi} +I_{xy} \sin{2\varphi} \\ I_{uv} & = \frac{I_x-I_y}{2} \sin{2\varphi} +I_{xy} \cos{2\varphi} \end{split}$

where Ix, Iy the moments of inertia about the initial axes and Ixy the product of inertia. Iu, Iv and Iuv are the respective quantities for the rotated axes u,v. The product of inertia Ixy of a channel with equal flanges, about centroidal x,y axes, is zero, because x is symmetry axes.

### Principal axes

In principal axes, that are rotated by an angle θ relative to original centroidal ones x,y, the product of inertia becomes zero. Because of this, any symmetry axis of the shape, is also a principal axis. The moments of inertia about principal axes, $$I_I, I_{II}$$ are called principal moments of inertia, and are the maximum and minimum ones, for any angle of rotation of the coordinate system. For a channel with equal flanges, x is symmetry axis and therefore, x,y define the principal axes of the shape. As a result, Ix and Iy are the principal moments of inertia.

### Dimensions

The dimensions of moment of inertia (second moment of area) are $$[Length]^4$$.

### Mass moment of inertia

In Physics the term moment of inertia has a different meaning. It is related with the mass distribution of an object (or multiple objects) about an axis. This is different from the definition usually given in Engineering disciplines (also in this page) as a property of the area of a shape, commonly a cross-section, about the axis. The termsecond moment of area seems more accurate in this regard.

### Applications

The moment of inertia (second moment or area) is used in beam theory to describe the rigidity of a beam against flexure (see beam bending theory). The bending moment M applied to a cross-section is related with its moment of inertia with the following equation:

$M = E\times I \times \kappa$

where E is the Young's modulus, a property of the material, and κ the curvature of the beam due to the applied load. Beam curvature κ describes the extent of flexure in the beam and can be expressed in terms of beam deflection w(x) along longitudinal beam axis x, as: $$\kappa = \frac{d^2 w(x)}{dx^2}$$. Therefore, it can be seen from the former equation, that when a certain bending moment M is applied to a beam cross-section, the developed curvature is reversely proportional to the moment of inertia I. Integrating curvatures over beam length, the deflection, at some point along x-axis, should also be reversely proportional to I.